Magnesium oxide ( MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopy solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide). It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2− ions held together by . Magnesium hydroxide forms in the presence of water (MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2), but it can be reversed by heating it to remove moisture.
Magnesium oxide was historically known as magnesia alba (literally, the white mineral from Ancient Magnesia), to differentiate it from magnesia nigra, a black mineral containing what is now known as manganese.
Related oxides
While "magnesium oxide" normally refers to MgO, the compound magnesium peroxide MgO
2 is also known. According to evolutionary crystal structure prediction,
MgO
2 is thermodynamically stable at pressures above 116 GPa (gigapascals), and a semiconducting
suboxide Mg
3O
2 is thermodynamically stable above 500 GPa. Because of its stability, MgO is used as a model system for investigating vibrational properties of crystals.
Electric properties
Pure MgO is not conductive and has a high resistance to electric current at
room temperature. The pure powder of MgO has a relative permittivity inbetween 3.2 to 9.9
with an approximate
dielectric loss of tan(δ) > 2.16x10
3 at 1kHz.
Production
Magnesium oxide is produced by the
calcination of magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide. The latter is obtained by the treatment of magnesium chloride solutions, typically seawater, with
limewater or milk of lime.
- Mg2+ + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + Ca2+
Calcination at different temperatures produces magnesium oxide of different reactivity. High temperatures 1500 – 2000 °C diminish the available surface area and produces dead-burned (often called dead burnt) magnesia, an unreactive form used as a
refractory. Calcining temperatures 1000 – 1500 °C produce hard-burned magnesia, which has limited reactivity and calcining at lower temperature, (700–1000 °C) produces light-burned magnesia, a reactive form, also known as caustic calcined magnesia. Although some decomposition of the carbonate to oxide occurs at temperatures below 700 °C, the resulting materials appear to reabsorb carbon dioxide from the air.
Applications
Refractory insulator
MgO is prized as a
Refractory, i.e. a solid that is physically and chemically stable at high temperatures. It has the useful attributes of high thermal conductivity and low electrical conductivity. According to a 2006 reference book:
MgO is used as a refractory material for . It is also used as an insulator in heat-resistant electrical cable.
Biomedical
Among metal oxide
Nanoparticle, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have distinct physicochemical and biological properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, high bioactivity, significant antibacterial properties, and good mechanical properties, which make it a good choice as a reinforcement in composites.
Heating elements
It is used extensively as an electrical insulator in tubular construction
as in electric
electric stove and
cooktop heating elements. There are several mesh sizes available and most commonly used ones are 40 and 80 mesh per the American Foundry Society. The extensive use is due to its high dielectric strength and average thermal conductivity. MgO is usually crushed and compacted with minimal airgaps or voids.
Cement
MgO is one of the components in
Portland cement in dry process plants.
Sorel cement uses MgO as the main component in combination with MgCl2 and water.
Fertilizer
MgO has an important place as a commercial plant fertilizer
[ Nutrient Science. fertilizer101.org. Retrieved on 2017-04-26.] and as animal feed.
[ Magnesium oxide for the Animal Feed Industry. lehvoss.de]
Fireproofing
It is a principal fireproofing ingredient in construction materials. As a construction material, magnesium oxide wallboards have several attractive characteristics: fire resistance, termite resistance, moisture resistance, mold and mildew resistance, and strength, but also a severe downside as it attracts moisture and can cause moisture damage to surrounding materials.
Medical
Magnesium oxide is used for relief of heartburn and indigestion, as an
antacid, magnesium supplement, and as a short-term
laxative. It is also used to improve symptoms of
indigestion. Side effects of magnesium oxide may include nausea and cramping.
[ Magnesium Oxide. MedlinePlus. Last reviewed 02/01/2009] In quantities sufficient to obtain a laxative effect, side effects of long-term use may rarely cause
to form, resulting in bowel obstruction.
Waste treatment
Magnesium oxide is used extensively in the soil and groundwater remediation, wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment, air emissions treatment, and waste treatment industries for its acid buffering capacity and related effectiveness in stabilizing dissolved heavy metal species.
Many heavy metals species, such as lead and cadmium, are least soluble in water at mildly basic conditions (pH in the range 8–11). Solubility of metals increases their undesired bioavailability and mobility in soil and groundwater. Granular MgO is often blended into metals-contaminating soil or waste material, which is also commonly of a low pH (acidic), in order to drive the pH into the 8–10 range. Metal-hydroxide complexes tend to precipitate out of aqueous solution in the pH range of 8–10.
MgO is packed in bags around transuranic waste in the disposal cells (panels) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, as a getter to minimize the complexation of uranium and other by carbonate ions and so to limit the solubility of . The use of MgO is preferred over CaO since the resulting hydrate () is less soluble and releases less hydration heat. Another advantage is to impose a lower pH value (about 10.5) in case of accidental water ingress into the dry salt layers, in contast to the more soluble which would create a higher pH of 12.5 (strongly alkaline conditions). The cation being the second most abundant cation in seawater and in rocksalt, the potential release of magnesium ions dissolving in intruding the deep geological repository is also expected to minimize the geochemistry disruption.[ wipp.energy.gov Step-By-Step Guide for Waste Handling at WIPP. Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. wipp.energy.gov]
Niche uses
-
As a food additive, it is used as an anticaking agent. It is known to the US Food and Drug Administration for cacao products; canned peas; and frozen dessert.
-
As a reagent in the installation of the carboxybenzyl (Cbz) group using benzyl chloroformate in ethyl acetate for the protecting group of and .
-
Doping MgO (about 1–5% by weight) into hydroxyapatite, a bioceramic mineral, increases the fracture toughness by migrating to grain boundaries, where it reduces grain size and changes the fracture mode from intergranular to transgranular.
-
Pressed MgO is used as an optical material. It is transparent from 0.3 to 7 μm. The refractive index is 1.72 at 1 μm and the Abbe number is 53.58. It is sometimes known by the Eastman Kodak trademarked name Irtran-5, although this designation is obsolete. Crystalline pure MgO is available commercially and has a small use in infrared optics.
-
An aerosolized solution of MgO is used in library science and collections management for the deacidification of at-risk paper items. In this process, the alkalinity of MgO (and similar compounds) neutralizes the relatively high acidity characteristic of low-quality paper, thus slowing the rate of deterioration.
-
Magnesium oxide is used as an oxide barrier in Spintronics. Owing to the crystalline structure of its thin films, which can be deposited by magnetron sputtering, for example, it shows characteristics superior to those of the commonly used amorphous Al2O3. In particular, spin polarization of about 85% has been achieved with MgO
-
MgO is a common pressure transmitting medium used in high pressure apparatuses like the multi-anvil press.
Brake lining
Magnesia is used in
brake linings for its heat conductivity and intermediate hardness.
It helps dissipate heat from friction surfaces, preventing overheating, while minimizing wear on metal components.
Its stability under high temperatures ensures reliable and durable braking performance in automotive and industrial applications.
Thin film transistors
In thin film transistors(TFTs), MgO is often used as a dielectric material or an insulator due to its high thermal stability, excellent insulating properties, and wide
bandgap.
Optimized IGZO/MgO TFTs demonstrated an electron mobility of 1.63 cm
2/Vs, an on/off current ratio of 1,000,000:1, and a subthreshold swing of 0.50 V/decade at −0.11 V.
These TFTs are integral to low-power applications, wearable devices, and radiation-hardened electronics, contributing to enhanced efficiency and durability across diverse domains.
Historical uses
-
It was historically used as a reference white color in colorimetry, owing to its good diffusing and reflectivity properties.
-
Early gas mantle designs for lighting, such as the Clamond basket, consisted mainly of magnesium oxide.
Precautions
Inhalation of magnesium oxide fumes can cause metal fume fever.
[ Magnesium Oxide. National Pollutant Inventory, Government of Australia.]
See also
Notes
External links
